sum ← {larg} (digs ##.ratsum) rarg          ⍝ ⍺⍺-rational sum of ⍺ and ⍵.
cmp ←        (digs ##.ratsum) rarg          ⍝ ⍺⍺-complement (negative) of ⍵.

Operator [ratsum] returns the sum of arguments [larg] and [rarg], which are each
rational scalars in the number system defined by [digs].

Called  without  a left argument,  [ratsum] returns the complement (negative) of
[rarg].

This  operator  codes  some  of  the ideas presented in LeRoy Eide's magnificent
representation scheme for rational numbers.

    See: →ratrep←.

[digs] is a character vector of the digits used by the number system. The digits
may be any characters, except that:

    - They must be distinct from each other,
    - Exactly one of them must be '0',
    - They must not include any of the special characters ' {}[]()<>\|/,:.'

The digits vector may, but need not, be embraced by braces.

Arguments  [larg]  and  [rarg]  are character vectors of the form <lru|man|rru>,
where lru, man and rru are vectors of [digs] and man may additionally contain an
embedded '.' radix point.

For example, if [digs] is

        0123456789      (decimal numbers)
then
        <0|123|0>  is 123
        <0|98.4|0> is 98.4
        <0|0|0>    is 0
        <0|4|9>    is 4.99..
        <9|9|0>    is ..999

LeRoy's  paper →ratrep← makes it all clear and function →esh← provides an inter-
active shell for exploring these numbers.

Technical notes on the coding of [ratsum]
-----------------------------------------
Called dyadically, [ratsum] compiles its rational-number-expression (rexp) argu-
ments into an "lmrs" triple of 2-row matrices, which represents the sum.

    (lrus mans rrus)   ⍝ :: lmrs

where:

    lrus: 2-row left replication units matrix.
    mans: 2-row mantissas matrix.
    rrus: 2-row right replication units matrix.

for example:

        '<0|123.45|7>' compile '<14|2.3|789>'
    ┌──┬──────┬───┐
    │00│123.45│777│
    │14│142.37│897│
    └──┴──────┴───┘

Addition Table
--------------
Inner  function [atab] returns an addition table for a number system with digits
⍺⍺. Each item in the table is the 2-vector: carry-out and sum.

        7 10↑disp atab '012'    ⍝ (partial) addition table for regular ternary.
    ┌──┬──┬──┬
    │00│01│02│
    ├──┼──┼──┼
    │01│02│10│
    ├──┼──┼──┼
    │02│10│11│
    ├──┼──┼──┼

        7 10↑disp atab '-0+'    ⍝ (partial) addition table for balanced ternary.
    ┌──┬──┬──┬
    │-+│0-│00│
    ├──┼──┼──┼
    │0-│00│0+│
    ├──┼──┼──┼
    │00│0+│+-│
    ├──┼──┼──┼

It is convenient for the addition table to accept numbers containing an embedded
radix point. This requires only one extra row and column for the dots:

      i   j  ...  k   .
    ·   ·   ·   ·   ┬───┐
  i ·   ·   ·   ·   │i .│   In other words:
    ·   ·   ·   ·   ┼───┤
  j ·   ·   ·   ·   │j .│   "Dot add dot is dot, carry 0".
    ·   ·   ·   ·   ┼───┤   "Dot add thing is dot, carry thing".
 ...·   ·   ·   ·   │   │
    ·   ·   ·   ·   ┼───┤       0 1 1 0   ← carries
  k ·   ·   ·   ·   │k .│       1 2 . 3 4
    ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤       4 5 . 7 5 +
  . │i .│j .│   │k .│0 .│       ---------
    └───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘       5 8 . 0 9

giving:

        atab '012'          ⍝ full addition table for regular ternary.
    ┌──┬──┬──┬──┐
    │00│01│02│0.│
    ├──┼──┼──┼──┤
    │01│02│10│1.│
    ├──┼──┼──┼──┤
    │02│10│11│2.│
    ├──┼──┼──┼──┤
    │0.│1.│2.│0.│
    └──┴──┴──┴──┘

        atab '-0+'          ⍝ full addition table for balanced ternary.
    ┌──┬──┬──┬──┐
    │-+│0-│00│-.│
    ├──┼──┼──┼──┤
    │0-│00│0+│0.│
    ├──┼──┼──┼──┤
    │00│0+│+-│+.│
    ├──┼──┼──┼──┤
    │-.│0.│+.│0.│
    └──┴──┴──┴──┘

Here's the code:

    atab←{⎕io←0                             ⍝ addition table for digits ⍵.
        min←⍵⍳'0'                           ⍝ - minimum value.
        vals←-min-⍳⍴⍵                       ⍝ numeric values of digits.
        ntab←vals∘.+vals                    ⍝ all sums larg vs. rarg.
        base←2/⍴⍵                           ⍝ 2-digit encode/decode vector.
        vtab←-min-base⊤base⊥min+base⊤ntab   ⍝ base-⍵:  2-digit addition values.
        ptab←↓(min+(¯1⌽⍳3)⍉vtab)⊃¨⊂⍵        ⍝ array of (carry_out result) pairs,
        {(ptab,⍵)⍪⍵,⊂'0.'}⍵,¨'.'            ⍝ with additional rows/cols for '.'.
    }                                       ⍝ :: [[carry sum];] ← ∇ [digits]

APL likes to do things in parallel:  armed with our addition table, we can sum a
2-row  matrix  of digits in one pop by indexing the table with a vector of pairs
of  digits  to  be summed. The result is a vector of carry-out, sum-digit pairs,
which  idiom ↓⍉↑ renders as a pair of carry-out, sum-digit vectors. Then, if the
carry-out  vector is all-zeros, we're done; otherwise, we recursively [rsum] the
left-shifted carry-out vector with the total and try again:

    rsum←(atab digs){⎕io←0                  ⍝ row sum of matrix ⍵, carry_in ⍺.
        cov itot←↓⍉↑⍺⍺[↓⍉digs⍳⍵]            ⍝ carry vector and initial total.
        '0'∧.=cov,⍺:'0'itot                 ⍝ all-zero carry: done.
        co tot←'0'∇↑(1↓cov,⍺)itot           ⍝ total with shifted carry vector.
        (⊃⊃⌽'0'∇↑co,⊂1↑cov)tot              ⍝ aggregate carry and total.
    }                                       ⍝ :: d [d] ← ∇ [d;]

Notice  how we snuck the initial carry-in ⍺ into the process on the right of the
first left-shift of the carry vector.

Here is a trace of rsum: 147258369.147258369 + 123456789.987654321  with initial
carry-in '1':

  + 147258369.147258369 1   initial carry-in '1' (waiting in the wings).
    123456789.987654321
    -------------------     digit-wise sum produces ...
  < 0010111110111011001 1   carry-out vector (initial carry-in still waiting).
    260604048.024802680     and total vector.
                            shifting carry vector left and absorbing carry-in:
  + 0101111101110110011 0   carry-out shifted left, initial carry-in absorbed.
    260604048.024802680
    -------------------     digit-wise sum produces ...
  < 0000000001000000000 0   carry-out vector.
    270715158.134912691     and total vector.
                            shifting carry vector left produces ...
  + 0000000010000000000 0   carry-out shifted left (zero appended).
    270715158.134912691
    -------------------     digit-wise sum produces ...
    0000000000000000000     all-zero carry-out vector
    270715159.134912691     and final total.

Hence, using vector addition, in this case we were able to sum a pair of 18-dig-
it numbers in just three iterations. The very worst case would be to sum '0..01'
with '9..99', which would require one iteration per digit.

Notice  how  a  carry is just passed along by the '.' column. The inclusion of a
row  and column for '.' in the addition table effectively renders the dot invis-
ible  to  the  process, except as in the above case, where it occasions a single
extra iteration.

Notice finally that [rsum] is a derived function, whose left operand (atab digs)
is  evaluated  just once (per call on ratsum), when rsum is defined, rather than
each time [rsum] is called.

(muse:

    [ratsum]  would be a good candidate for conversion to a function returning a
    "closure",  should such a mechanism become available.  In this case, instead
    of:
            ↑ ⎕d ratsum/ ⎕d     ⍝ reduction using derived function.
        45

    if ratsum returned a closure, we would type:

            ↑ (ratsum ⎕d)/ ⎕d   ⍝ reduction using closure.
        45

    the  advantage  of using a closure is that we could arrange for the addition
    table  for a particular number system to be generated just once, at closure-
    formation  time,  rather  than each time the derived function is applied. In
    the  first example above, [atab] is called nine times, whereas in the second
    example, it is called just once.

    For more on closures, see: http://dfns.dyalog.com/downloads/fre.pdf
)

Inner  functions  [clru] and [fmt] make use of auxiliary function [repl],  which
takes a left argument pair (to from) of strings to find and replace in its right
argument ⍵:

        posh ← 'oun' 'in' ∘ repl    ⍝ Talk like the Duke of Edinburgh.

        '' ⋄ posh 'A bounder in the grounds? Release the hounds!'

    A binder in the grinds? Release the hinds!

(muse:
    In  some treatments of the lambda calculus, this (to from) order of items is
    preferred  to  the more common (from to).  Syntax "[to/fm]expr" means "expr"
    with each occurrence of "fm" replaced with "to". A pleasing mnemonic for the
    syntax is to think of [to/fm] as a fraction applied to expr; it cancels "fm"
    and multiplies by "to". We could vocalise [to/fm]... as "to for fm in ...".
)

Replication Unit Alignment
--------------------------
Note that, when aligning LLUs and RRUs, as in:

    <12|3|456> + <123|4|56>

the  resulting  RUs  should each contain a number of digits equal to the lowest-
common-multiple  (LCM)  of those of its corresponding summands. In the above ex-
ample, this is 6 in each case:

    <12|3|456>              ⍝ LRU and RRU misaligned    :-(
    <123|4|56> +

rewrite:

    <121212|3|456456>       ⍝ LRU and RRU aligned       :-)
    <123123|4|565656> +

Normal form of numbers
----------------------
[ratsum] attempts to normalise its result in a number of ways.

    Internal contraction of LRU and RRU:        <123123|45|676767> → <123|45|67>
                                                 ¯¯¯¯¯¯    ¯¯¯¯¯¯     ¯¯¯    ¯¯
    External absorption from the mantissa:      <231|23456|76> → <123|45|67>
                                                 ¯¯¯ ¯¯  ¯        ¯¯¯
    Clearing the LRU to 0 or ~0:                <12|34|56> → <0|22|4>
                                                 ¯¯
    Replacing the RRU if it is ~0:              <0|4|9> → <0|5|0>
                                                   ¯ ¯       ¯
    Using an external '¯' where appropriate:    <9|726.85|0> → ¯273.15
                                                 ¯
where  ~0  is the complement of 0 (e.g., 9 in the decimal system).  See →ratrep←
for details.

Examples
--------

⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝ Decimal

    sum ← neg ← ⎕d ratsum               ⍝ standard decimal sum and negation fns.

    '<0|92|34>'sum'<0|8.6|1>'           ⍝ 92.3434... + 8.611... → 100.95454...
<0|100.9|54>

    '<9|9|0>'sum'<0|1|0>'               ⍝ ¯1 + 1 → 0                    →ratrep←
<0|0|0>

    '<0|0|3>'sum neg'<0|0|6>'           ⍝ (1÷3) + - (2÷3) → -(1÷3)      →ratrep←
<9|9|6>

⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝ Balanced Ternary

    sum ← '-0+'ratsum                   ⍝ balanced ternary sum.

    '<|0|+-|0>'sum'<0|+0|0>'            ⍝ balanced ternary 2 + 3 → 5
<0|+--|0>

    '<0|0|+>'sum'<0|+|->'               ⍝ balanced ternary 0.5 + 0.5 → 1
<0|+|0>

⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝ Binary

    sum ← '01'ratsum                    ⍝ binary sum.

    '<0|1001|0>'sum'<0|111|0>'          ⍝ binary 9 + 7 → 16
10000

⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝ Positively-skewed four

    e←{'<0|',⍵,'|0>'}                   ⍝ Eidify simple number.

    '-0+#'ratsum\e¨'0++++++++'          ⍝ ⍳9 in positively-skewed four {-0+#}.
┌───────┬───────┬───────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┐
│<0|0|0>│<0|+|0>│<0|#|0>│<0|+-|0>│<0|+0|0>│<0|++|0>│<0|+#|0>│<0|#-|0>│<0|#0|0>│
└───────┴───────┴───────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┘

⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝⍝ Negatively-skewed four

    '=-0+'ratsum\e¨'0+++++++'           ⍝ ⍳8 in negatively-skewed four {=-0+}.
┌───────┬───────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│<0|0|0>│<0|+|0>│<0|+=|0>│<0|+-|0>│<0|+0|0>│<0|++|0>│<0|+==|0>│<0|+=-|0>│
└───────┴───────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

⍝ Here's a handy little function to convert an array of regular integers into
⍝ ⍺-numbers:

    encode←{⎕IO←0                               ⍝ ⍺-encode of int array ⍵.
        u←(2⊥'0'=2↑¯1⌽⍺)⊃0 1 ¯1                 ⍝ extremal '0': unsigned.
        (|u)∧u∊-×⍵:((0>u××⍵)/¨'¯'),¨⍺ ∇ u×|⍵    ⍝ explicit '¯', where needed.
        min←⍺⍳'0'                               ⍝ - minimum value.
        width←1+⌈(⍴⍺)⍟⌈/1⌈,|⍵                   ⍝ upper bound for no of digits.
        base←width/⍴⍺                           ⍝ encode/decode vector.
        vals←-min-base⊤base⊥min+base⊤⍉⍵         ⍝ base-⍺ integers.
        nlz←{(-1⌈+/∨\⍵≠'0')↑⍵}                  ⍝ without surplus leading zeros.
        nlz¨↓⍺[min+⍉vals]                       ⍝ array of ⍺-numbers.
    }

    '-0+'encode ¯9 to 10                        ⍝ balanced ternary ¯9..10
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬──┬──┬──┬─┬─┬─┬──┬──┬──┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
│-00│-0+│-+-│-+0│-++│--│-0│-+│-│0│+│+-│+0│++│+--│+-0│+-+│+0-│+00│+0+│
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴──┴──┴──┴─┴─┴─┴──┴──┴──┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘

    ⍝ Various number systems:

    bases ← ⎕d '-0+' '01' '-0+#' '=-0+' '≡=-0+#' '210' (16↑⎕d,⎕a)

    disp bases
┌──────────┬───┬──┬────┬────┬──────┬───┬────────────────┐
│0123456789│-0+│01│-0+#│=-0+│≡=-0+#│210│0123456789ABCDEF│
└──────────┴───┴──┴────┴────┴──────┴───┴────────────────┘

    ↑bases encode¨⊂¯5 to 12                      ⍝ ¯5..12 per number system.
┌────┬────┬───┬───┬──┬─┬──┬──┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┐
│¯5  │¯4  │¯3 │¯2 │¯1│0│1 │2 │3  │4  │5  │6  │7  │8   │9   │10  │11  │12  │
├────┼────┼───┼───┼──┼─┼──┼──┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
│-++ │--  │-0 │-+ │- │0│+ │+-│+0 │++ │+--│+-0│+-+│+0- │+00 │+0+ │++- │++0 │
├────┼────┼───┼───┼──┼─┼──┼──┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
│¯101│¯100│¯11│¯10│¯1│0│1 │10│11 │100│101│110│111│1000│1001│1010│1011│1100│
├────┼────┼───┼───┼──┼─┼──┼──┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
│--  │-0  │-+ │-# │- │0│+ │# │+- │+0 │++ │+# │#- │#0  │#+  │##  │+-- │+-0 │
├────┼────┼───┼───┼──┼─┼──┼──┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
│--  │-0  │-+ │=  │- │0│+ │+=│+- │+0 │++ │+==│+=-│+=0 │+=+ │+-= │+-- │+-0 │
├────┼────┼───┼───┼──┼─┼──┼──┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
│-+  │-#  │≡  │=  │- │0│+ │# │+≡ │+= │+- │+0 │++ │+#  │#≡  │#=  │#-  │#0  │
├────┼────┼───┼───┼──┼─┼──┼──┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
│12  │11  │10 │2  │1 │0│¯1│¯2│¯10│¯11│¯12│¯20│¯21│¯22 │¯100│¯101│¯102│¯110│
├────┼────┼───┼───┼──┼─┼──┼──┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
│¯5  │¯4  │¯3 │¯2 │¯1│0│1 │2 │3  │4  │5  │6  │7  │8   │9   │A   │B   │C   │
└────┴────┴───┴───┴──┴─┴──┴──┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘

    ⍝ Various answers to the meaning of Life, the Universe, and Everything:

    ↑bases encode¨42
┌──┬─────┬──────┬───┬────┬───┬─────┬──┐
│42│+---0│101010│###│+--=│++0│¯1120│2A│
└──┴─────┴──────┴───┴────┴───┴─────┴──┘

    ⍝ For more examples see test script: ##.scripts.ratsum

See also: ratrep esh JitSub
See also: ary rats nats

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